ESCAPE CODES

Some characters are reserved in XHTML; for example you cannot use the greater than or less than signs or angle brackets within your text beacuse the browser could mistake them for markup. XHTML processors must support the five special characters listed in the table that follows:

Symbols © © Copyright sign ® ® Registered sign = registered trademark sign ™ ™ Trademark sign	Markup-Significant < < Less-than sign > > Greater-than sign & & Ampersand " " Quotation mark / quote	Currency ¢ ¢ Cent sign £ £ Pound sign ¤ ¤ Currency sign ¥ ¥ Yen sign = yuan sign € € Euro sign
General Punctuation " " Quotation mark / quote ‘ ‘ Left single quotation mark ’ ’ Right single quotation mark “ “ Left double quotation mark ” ” Right double quotation mark ‚ ‚ Single low-9 quotation mark „ „ Double low-9 quotation mark – – En dash — — Em dash † † Dagger ‡ ‡ Double dagger ‹ ‹ Single left-pointing angle quotation mark (proposed, but not yet standardized) › › Single right-pointing angle quotation mark (proposed, but not yet standardized) « « Left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left-pointing guillemot » » Right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right pointing guillemet & & Ampersand ¶ ¶ Pilcrow sign = paragraph sign ↵ ↵ Down arrow with corner leftward = carriage return
Maths − − Minus sign × × Multiplication sign ÷ ÷ Division sign √ √ Square root = radical sign ∝ ∝ Proportional to ∞ ∞ Infinity ∗ ∗ Asterisk operator ∠ ∠ Angle ° ° Degree sign ± ± Plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign ¬ ¬ Not sign < < Less-than sign > > Greater-than sign ≤ ≤ Less than or equal to ≥ ≥ Greater than or equal to ∫ ∫ Integral ∴ ∴ Therefore ∼ ∼ Tilde operator = varies with = similar to ≅ ≅ Approximately equal to ≈ ≈ Almost equal to = asymptotic to ≠ ≠ Not equal to ≡ ≡ Identical to ∩ ∩ Intersection = cap ∪ ∪ Union = cup ⊂ ⊂ Subset of ⊃ ⊃ Superset of ⊄ ⊄ Not a subset of ⊆ ⊆ Subset of or equal to ⊇ ⊇ Superset of or equal to ⊕ ⊕ Circled plus = direct sum ⊗ ⊗ Circled times = vector product ⊥ ⊥ Up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular ƒ ƒ Latin small f with hook = function = florin ¹ ¹ Superscript one = superscript digit one ² ² Superscript two = superscript digit two = squared ³ ³ Superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed ¼ ¼ Vulgar fraction one-quarter = fraction one-quarter ½ ½ Vulgar fraction one-half = fraction one-half ¾ ¾ Vulgar fraction three-quarters = fraction three-quarters ⋅ ⋅ Dot operator ‰ ‰ Per mille sign ∧ ∧ Logical and = wedge &or ; ∨ Logical or = vee ∀ ∀ For all &part ; ∂ Partial differential ∃ ∃ There exists ∅ ∅ Empty set = null set = diameter ∇ ∇ Nabla = backward difference ∈ ∈ Element of ∉ ∉ Not an element of ∋ ∋ Contains as member ∏ ∏ n-ary product = product sign ∑ ∑ n-ary summation
Miscellaneous Symbols ♠ ♠ Spades ♣ ♣ Clubs ♥ ♥ Hearts ♦ ♦ Diamonds ⌈ ⌈ Left ceiling ⌉ ⌉ Right ceiling ⌊ ⌊ Left floor ⌋ ⌋ Right floor ⟨ 〈 Left-pointing angle bracket ⟩ 〉 Right-pointing angle bracket ◊ ◊ Lozenge ¨ ¨ Diaeresis = spacing diaeresis ´ ´ Acute accent = spacing acute ¸ ¸ Cedilla = spacing cedilla ¡ ¡ Inverted exclamation mark ¿ ¿ Inverted question mark = turned question mark ¦ ¦ Broken bar = broken vertical bar ­ ­ Soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen ¯ ¯ Macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar · · Middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot ℘ ℘ Script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p ℑ ℑ Blackletter capital I = imaginary part ℜ ℜ Blackletter capital R = real part symbol ℵ ℵ Alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal § § Section sign ª ª Feminine ordinal indicator º º Masculine ordinal indicator µ µ Micro sign
Arrows ← ← Left arrow ↑ ↑ Up arrow → → Right arrow ↓ ↓ Down arrow ↔ ↔ Left-right arrow ↵ ↵ Down arrow with corner leftward = carriage return ⇐ ⇐ Left double arrow ⇑ ⇑ Up double arrow ⇒ ⇒ Right double arrow ⇓ ⇓ Down double arrow ⇔ ⇔ Left-right double arrow
Greek Letters Uppercase Α Α Greek capital letter alpha Β Β Greek capital letter beta Γ Γ Greek capital letter gamma Δ Δ Greek capital letter delta Ε Ε Greek capital letter epsilon Ζ Ζ Greek capital letter zeta Η Η Greek capital letter eta Θ Θ Greek capital letter theta Ι Ι Greek capital letter iota Κ Κ Greek capital letter kappa Λ Λ Greek capital letter lambda &Mu Μ Greek capital letter mu Ν Ν Greek capital letter nu Ξ Ξ Greek capital letter xi Ο Ο Greek capital letter omicron Π Π Greek capital letter pi Ρ Ρ Greek capital letter rho Σ Σ Greek capital letter sigma Τ Τ Greek capital letter tau Υ Υ Greek capital letter upsilon Φ Φ Greek capital letter phi Χ Χ Greek capital letter chi Ψ Ψ Greek capital letter psi Ω Ω Greek capital letter omega
Greek Alphabet Lowercase α α Greek small letter alpha β β Greek small letter beta γ γ Greek small letter gamma δ δ Greek small letter delta ε ε Greek small letter epsilon ζ ζ Greek small letter zeta η η Greek small letter eta θ θ Greek small letter theta ι ι Greek small letter iota κ κ Greek small letter kappa λ λ Greek small letter lambda μ μ Greek small letter mu ν ν Greek small letter nu ξ ξ Greek small letter xi ο ο Greek small letter omicron π π Greek small letter pi ρ ρ Greek small letter rho ς ς Greek small letter final sigma σ σ Greek small Greek sigma τ τ Greek small letter tau υ υ Greek small letter upsilon φ φ Greek small letter phi χ χ Greek small letter chi ψ ψ Greek small letter psi ω ω Greek small letter omega ϑ ϑ Greek small letter theta symbol ϒ ϒ Greek upsilon with hook symbol ϖ ϖ Greek pi symbol
Latin Characters Uppercase œ œ Latin small ligature oe À À Latin capital letter A with grave = Latin capital letter A grave Á Á Latin capital letter A with acute   Latin capital letter A with circumflex à à Latin capital letter A with tilde Ä Ä Latin capital letter A with diaeresis Å Å Latin capital letter A with ring above = Latin capital letter A ring Æ Æ Latin capital letter AE = Latin capital ligature AE Ç Ç Latin capital letter C with cedilla È È Latin capital letter E with grave É É Latin capital letter E with acute Ê Ê Latin capital letter E with circumflex Ë Ë Latin capital letter E with diaeresis Ì Ì Latin capital letter I with grave Í Í Latin capital letter I with acute Î Î Latin capital letter I with circumflex Ï Ï Latin capital letter I with diaeresis Ð Ð Latin capital letter ETH Ñ Ñ Latin capital letter N with tilde Ò Ò Latin capital letter O with grave Ó Ó Latin capital letter O with acute Ô Ô Latin capital letter O with circumflex Õ Õ Latin capital letter O with tilde Ö Ö Latin capital letter O with diaeresis Ø Ø Latin capital letter O with stroke = Latin capital letter O slash Š Š Latin capital letter S with caron Ù Ù Latin capital letter U with grave Ú Ú Latin capital letter U with acute Û Û Latin capital letter U with circumflex Ü Ü Latin capital letter U with diaeresis Ý Ý Latin capital letter Y with acute Ÿ Ÿ Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis Þ Þ Latin capital letter THORN
Latin Characters Lowercase Œ Œ Latin capital ligature OE ß ß Latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed à à Latin small letter a with grave = Latin small letter agrave á á Latin small letter a with acute â â Latin small letter a with circumflex ã ã Latin small letter a with tilde ä ä Latin small letter a with diaeresis å å Latin small letter a with ring above = Latin small letter a ring æ æ Latin small letter ae = Latin small ligature ae ç ç Latin small letter c with cedilla è è Latin small letter e with grave é é Latin small letter e with acute ê ê Latin small letter e with circumflex ë ë Latin small letter e with diaeresis ƒ ƒ Latin small f with hook = function = florin ì ì Latin small letter i with grave í í Latin small letter i with acute î î Latin small letter i with circumflex ï ï Latin small letter i with diaeresis ð ð Latin small letter eth ñ ñ Latin small letter n with tilde ò ò Latin small letter o with grave ó ó Latin small letter o with acute ô ô Latin small letter o with circumflex õ õ Latin small letter o with tilde ö ö Latin small letter o with diaeresis ø ø Latin small letter o with stroke, = Latin small letter o slash ù ù Latin small letter u with grave ú ú Latin small letter u with acute û û Latin small letter u with circumflex ü ü Latin small letter u with diaeresis š š Latin small letter s with caron ý ý Latin small letter y with acute ÿ ÿ Latin small letter y with diaeresis þþ  #254; Latin small letter thorn

To write an element and attribute into your page so that the code is shown to the user rather than being processed by the browser you need to escape the angled brackets and quotation marks. For example to write <div id="character"> you would write:

<div id="character">

There is also a long list of special characters that HTML 4.0 processors should support. In order for these to appear in your document, you can use either the numerical code or the entity name. For example to insert a copyright symbol you could use either of the following:

© 2008
© 2008